{"id":27416,"date":"2021-09-01T09:03:36","date_gmt":"2021-09-01T09:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org\/\/?p=7810"},"modified":"2024-11-03T15:14:31","modified_gmt":"2024-11-03T15:14:31","slug":"cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far\/","title":{"rendered":"Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer \u2013 the evidence so far"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"image hero-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920.jpg\" class=\"attachment-featuredImage size-featuredImage\" alt loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920.jpg 620w, https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920-220x123.jpg 220w, https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920-150x84.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" data-attachment-id=\"23510\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2021\/09\/01\/cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far\/cbd-4469987_1920\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"620,348\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cannabis preparation\" data-image-description data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920-300x168.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/cbd-4469987_1920.jpg\"><\/div>\n<p><em><strong>We review and update this article as new research emerges. The last update was September 2021, when we updated the section on clinical trials to reflect new and upcoming studies.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Few cancer topics spark as much online debate as cannabis.<\/p>\n<p>The bottom line is that right now there isn\u2019t enough reliable evidence to prove that any form of cannabis can effectively treat cancer in patients. This includes hemp oil, cannabis oil or the active chemicals found within the cannabis plant (cannabinoids) \u2013 whether natural or man-made.<\/p>\n<p>Many researchers worldwide are actively investigating cannabinoids, and Cancer Research UK is supporting some of this work. These studies use highly purified chemicals found in the cannabis plant, or lab-made versions of them, and there is genuine interest in these as potential cancer treatments. But this is very different to street-bought cannabis and hemp oil available online or on the high street, for which there is no evidence of any impact on cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Cannabis is still <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom\">classified as a class B drug<\/a> in the UK, meaning that it is illegal to possess or supply it. Cancer Research UK can\u2019t comment on the legal status of cannabis, its use as a recreational drug, or its medical use in any other diseases. But we are supportive of properly conducted scientific research into cannabis and its derivatives that could benefit cancer patients.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, there are many unreliable sources of information about cannabis, particularly online. This post contains up-to-date, evidence-based information on cannabis and cancer, so with lots to cover, this is a long article. To help you find what you\u2019re interested in, follow the links below to different sections. Or read on for everything you need to know about cannabis and cancer.<\/p>\n<h2>Cannabis and cannabinoids \u2013 what are they?<\/h2>\n<p>Cannabis is a plant known by many names, including marijuana, pot, grass, weed, hemp, hash or dope.<br \/>The plant produces a resin that contains complex chemicals called cannabinoids.<\/p>\n<p>The two main cannabinoids are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) \u2013 a psychoactive substance that can affect how the brain works, creating a \u2018high\u2019 feeling.<\/li>\n<li>Cannabidiol (CBD) \u2013 may relieve pain, lower inflammation and decrease anxiety without any psychoactive effects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cannabinoids lock on to molecules on the surface of cells called cannabinoid receptors. As well as cannaibinoids found in plant resin, our body produces cannabinoid chemicals \u2013 called endocannibinoids \u2013 which also attached to these receptors. These receptors are involved in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/features\/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233\">many processes throughout the body<\/a>, from appetite to the sensation of pain.<\/p>\n<p>Through many detailed experiments \u2013 summarised in this <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22555283\/\"><em>Nature Reviews Cancer<\/em> article<\/a> \u2013 scientists have discovered that both natural and synthetic cannabinoids have a wide range of effects on cells, which is why there\u2019s interest in if cannabis can treat diseases like cancer, as well as help relieve side effects.<\/p>\n<h2>Can cannabinoids treat cancer?<\/h2>\n<p>Many hundreds of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed?term=cannabinoid%20cancer\">scientific papers<\/a> looking at cannabinoids and cancer have been published so far, but these studies simply haven\u2019t found enough robust scientific evidence to prove that these can safely and effectively treat cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Research is still ongoing though, with hundreds of scientists investigating the potential of cannabinoids in cancer and other diseases as part of <a href=\"http:\/\/cannabinoidsociety.org\/\">The International Cannabinoid Research Society<\/a>. And in 2015 the scientific journal <em>Nature<\/em> published <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/outlook\/cannabis\/index.html\">a supplement<\/a> of review articles about various aspects of cannabis. It\u2019s free to access.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_23505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" readability=\"32\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"23505\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2021\/09\/01\/cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far\/large-10341\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"620,348\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title data-image-description data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341-300x168.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23505\" src=\"https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341.jpg\" alt=\"glass lab bottles on a shelf\" width=\"620\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341.jpg 620w, https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341-220x123.jpg 220w, https:\/\/34p2k13bwwzx12bgy13rwq8p-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Large-10341-150x84.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of the research into cannabinoids and cancer so far has been done in the lab<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Claims that there is solid \u201cproof\u201d that cannabis or cannabinoids can cure cancer is highly misleading.<\/p>\n<p>This is because virtually all the scientific research investigating whether cannabinoids can treat cancer has been done using cancer cells grown in the lab or animals. While these studies are a vital part of research, providing early indications of the benefits of particular treatments, they don\u2019t necessarily hold true for people.<\/p>\n<p>So far, the best results from lab studies have come from using a combination of highly purified THC and cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid found in cannabis plants that counteracts the psychoactive effects of THC. But researchers have also found positive results using man-made cannabinoids, such as a molecule called <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed?term=JWH-133\">JWH-133<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>There have been intriguing results from lab experiments looking at a number of different cancers, including glioblastoma brain tumours, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. But the take-home message is that different cannabinoids seem to have <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18199524\">different effects<\/a> on various cancer types, so they are far from being a \u2018universal\u2019 treatment.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s also evidence that cannabinoids have unwanted effects. Although high doses of THC can kill cancer cells, they also <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12514108\">harm crucial blood vessel cells<\/a>. And under some circumstances, cannabinoids can <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15026328\">encourage cancer cells to grow<\/a>, or have <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2806825\/\">different effects<\/a> depending on the dose used and levels of cannabinoid receptors present on the cancer cells.<\/p>\n<h2>Cannabis in clinical trials<\/h2>\n<p>To robustly test the potential benefits of cannabinoids in cancer, clinical trials in large numbers of people with control groups of patients \u2013 who aren\u2019t given the treatment in question \u2013 would be needed.<\/p>\n<p>A few small clinical trials have been set up to test the benefits of cannabinoids for people with glioblastoma multiforme. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6603236\">Results published<\/a> from a pilot clinical trial where 9 people with advanced, incurable <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/type\/brain-tumour\/about\/types-of-primary-brain-tumours#astro\">glioblastoma multiforme<\/a> \u2013 the most aggressive brain tumour \u2013 were given highly purified THC through a tube directly into their brain showed that THC given in this way is safe and doesn\u2019t seem to cause significant side effects. But as this was an early stage trial without a control group, it couldn\u2019t show whether THC helped to extend patients\u2019 lives.<\/p>\n<p>And a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/find-a-clinical-trial\/a-trial-looking-sativex-temozolomide-glioblastoma-multiforme-brain-tumour-gwca1208\">second clinical trial<\/a>, supported through our Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (<a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2011\/12\/22\/ecmcs-a-big-boost-for-new-cancer-drug-trials\/\">ECMC<\/a>) Network, tested whether Sativex (nabiximols), a highly purified pharmaceutical-grade extract of cannabis containing THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids could treat people with glioblastoma multiforme brain tumours that have come back after treatment.<\/p>\n<p>In 2021, scientists <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2021\/09\/01\/cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far\/reported%20the%20final%20results%20of%20this%20phase%201%20study\">reported the final results of this phase 1 study<\/a> to treat people with recurrent glioblastoma with Sativex in combination with the chemotherapy drug, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/cancer-in-general\/treatment\/cancer-drugs\/drugs\/temozolomide\">temozolomide<\/a>. Researchers found that adding Sativex (patients were allowed to choose the amount they took) had acceptable levels of side effects, which included vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and headache. They also observed that more patients were alive after one year using Sativex (83%) compared to those taking the placebo (44%). However, this phase 1 study only involved 27 patients, which was too small to confirm any potential benefits of Sativex, and was intended to find out if it was safe to take by patients.<\/p>\n<p>This trial is being extended into phase 2 (known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebraintumourcharity.org\/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment\/types-of-brain-tumour-adult\/glioblastoma\/glioblastoma-research\/clinical-trial-cannabis-derivative\/\">ARISTOCRAT<\/a>) to explore if this treatment is effective and which patients are most likely to respond to this treatment. If the trial is , it is set to launch at 15 NHS hospitals in 2022, with over 230 patients to be recruited. To find out more about this work, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2021\/09\/02\/can-we-grow-the-treatments-of-tomorrow-that-cancer-conversation\/\">you can listen to our podcast \u2013 That Cancer Conversation<\/a> \u2013 where we hear from Professor Susan Short, one of the researchers leading this study.<\/p>\n<p><span>We\u2019ve also<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/find-a-clinical-trial\/a-study-looking-at-dexanabinol-for-advanced-cancer\">supported a trial<\/a> <span>that\u2019s testing the benefits of a man-made cannabinoid called dexanabinol in patients with different types of advanced cancer. The trial finished recruiting in 2015 and researchers established a safe dose of the drug, but further development of the drug was stopped due to a lack of evidence around the drug\u2019s effectiveness. Full trials results are yet to be published.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Unanswered questions<\/h2>\n<p>There are still many unanswered questions around the potential for using cannabinoids to treat cancer. It\u2019s not clear:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>which type of cannabinoid \u2013 either natural or synthetic \u2013 might be most effective<\/li>\n<li>what kind of doses might be needed<\/li>\n<li>which types of cancer might respond best to cannabinoids<\/li>\n<li>how to avoid the psychoactive effects of THC<\/li>\n<li>how best to get cannabinoids, which don\u2019t dissolve easily in water, into cancer cells<\/li>\n<li>whether cannabinoids will help to boost or counteract the effects of chemotherapy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These questions must be answered for cannabinoids to be used as safe and effective treatments for cancer patients. It\u2019s the same situation for the many hundreds of other potential cancer drugs being developed and tested in university, charity and industry labs all over the world.<\/p>\n<p>Without doing rigorous scientific research, we will never sift the \u2018hits\u2019 from the \u2018misses\u2019. If cannabinoids are to get into the clinic, these hurdles first need to be overcome and their benefits proven over existing cancer treatments.<\/p>\n<h2>Can cannabis prevent cancer?<\/h2>\n<p>There is no reliable evidence that cannabis can prevent cancer.<\/p>\n<p>There has been some research suggesting that endocannabinoids (mentioned earlier) can <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17342320\/\">suppress tumour growth<\/a>, and in experiments where mice were given very high doses of purified THC, they seemed to have a lower risk of developing cancer. But this is not enough solid scientific evidence to suggest that cannabinoids or cannabis can cut people\u2019s cancer risk.<\/p>\n<h2>Does smoking weed cause cancer?<\/h2>\n<p>The evidence is a lot less clear when it comes to whether cannabis can cause cancer.<br \/>This is because most people who use cannabis smoke it mixed with tobacco, a substance that we know causes cancer. In the UK, more than three quarters of people who smoke weed reported normally mixing it with tobacco.<\/p>\n<p>This makes it hard to disentangle the potential impact of cannabis on cancer risk from the impact of the tobacco. As of 2021, we can\u2019t be sure whether the increased risk is due to tobacco or whether cannabis also has an independent effect.<\/p>\n<p>We do know from decades of evidence that there is no safe way to use tobacco \u2013 it\u2019s addictive and harmful for your health. People who smoke weed mixed with tobacco increase their risk of cancer and other conditions. Tobacco also contains the very addictive substance nicotine. This means people who regularly smoke weed mixed with tobacco may find it harder to stop.<\/p>\n<div class=\"stats-block full-width\" readability=\"6.4864864864865\">\n<p><strong>&gt;<\/strong> Read about the free support and quitting tools available to help you to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/causes-of-cancer\/smoking-and-cancer\/how-do-i-stop-smoking\">stop smoking for good<\/a> on our website.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Can cannabis relieve cancer symptoms like pain or sickness?<\/h2>\n<p>There\u2019s good evidence that cannabinoids may be beneficial in managing cancer pain and side effects from treatment.<\/p>\n<p>As far back as the 1980s, cannabinoid-based drugs including <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/druginfo\/meds\/a607054.html\">dronabinol<\/a> (synthetic THC) and <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/coping-with-cancer\/coping-physically\/sickness\/treatment\/types-of-anti-sickness-drugs#nab\">nabilone<\/a> were used to help reduce nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. But there are now <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/coping-with-cancer\/coping-physically\/sickness\/treatment\/types-of-anti-sickness-drugs\">safer and more effective<\/a> alternatives and cannabinoids tend to only be used where <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22491047\">other approaches fail<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In some parts of the world, medical marijuana has been legalised for relieving pain and symptoms (palliative use), including cancer pain. But one of the problems with using herbal cannabis is managing the dose. Smoking cannabis or taking it in the form of tea often provides an inconsistent dose, which may make it difficult for patients to monitor their intake. So, researchers are turning to alternative dosing methods, such as mouth sprays, which deliver a reliable and regulated dose.<\/p>\n<p>Large-scale <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/find-a-clinical-trial\/a-trial-sativex-for-cancer-related-pain\">clinical<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/find-a-clinical-trial\/a-study-of-sativex-for-persistent-cancer-related-pain-gwca0962-and-gwca1103\">trials<\/a> in the UK have been testing whether a mouth spray formulation of Sativex (nabiximols) can help to control severe cancer pain that doesn\u2019t respond to other drugs. <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2049463717710042\">Results<\/a> from these didn\u2019t find any difference in self-reported pain scores between the treatment and the placebo.<\/p>\n<p>Cannabinoids may also have potential in combating the loss of appetite and wasting (cachexia) experienced by some people with cancer, although so far clinical evidence is lacking. One clinical trial comparing appetite in groups of cancer patients given cannabis extract, THC and a placebo didn\u2019t find a difference between the treatments, while another didn\u2019t show any benefit and was closed early.<\/p>\n<h2>Is Cancer Research UK investigating cannabinoids?<\/h2>\n<p>Cancer Research UK has funded research into cannabinoids, notably the work of Professor Chris Paraskeva in Bristol investigating the properties of cannabinoids as part of his research into the prevention and treatment of bowel cancer. He has <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20514410\">published<\/a> a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17583570\">number<\/a> of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16099783\">papers<\/a> detailing lab experiments looking at endocannabinoids as well as THC, and written a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16042581\">review<\/a> looking at the potential of cannabinoids for treating bowel cancer.<\/p>\n<p>We also support Dr Laureano de la Vega, a Cancer Research UK Fellow at the University of Dundee, who in 2019 started to explore if CBD can limit cancer\u2019s ability to spread, using lung and triple negative breast cancer cells grown in the lab.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re also involved in the only 2 UK clinical trials of cannabinoids for treating cancer, mentioned above, through our national network of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecmcnetwork.org.uk\/\">Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Our funding committees have previously received other applications from researchers who want to investigate cannabinoids but these failed to reach our <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2009\/10\/27\/the-multi-million-pound-question\/\">high standards<\/a> for funding. If we receive future proposals that meet these stringent requirements, then there is no reason that they wouldn\u2019t be funded, assuming we have the money available.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, some scammers are using the email address ukcancerresearchcentre@gmail.com and claiming to be based at our head office, tricking cancer patients and their families into handing over money for \u201ccannabis oil\u201d, after which they receive nothing in return. This is a scam and has nothing to do with Cancer Research UK or our employees, as <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2015\/04\/20\/an-important-message-for-cancer-patients-beware-the-cannabis-oil-scammers\/\">we wrote about in 2015<\/a>. If you believe you have been a victim of this fraud, please contact the police.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cIt\u2019s natural so it must be better, right?\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>There\u2019s no doubt that the natural world is a treasure trove of <a href=\"http:\/\/chemistry.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa061403a.htm\">biologically useful compounds<\/a>, and there are countless examples where these have been harnessed as effective treatments.<\/p>\n<p>Numerous potent cancer drugs have also been developed in this way \u2013 purifying a natural compound, improving it and testing it to create a beneficial drug \u2013 including <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cancer-drugs\/paclitaxel\">taxol<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cancer-drugs\/vincristine\">vincristine<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cancer-drugs\/vinblastine\">vinblastine<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camptothecin\">camptothecin<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colchicine\">colchicine<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cancer-drugs\/etoposide\">etoposide<\/a>. But although these purified drugs in controlled high doses can treat cancer, it doesn\u2019t mean that the original plant (or a simple extract) will have the same effect. So, although cannabis contains certain cannabinoids, it doesn\u2019t automatically follow that cannabis itself can treat cancer.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cBut it worked for this patient\u2026\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>Doctors sometimes publish case reports about extraordinary or important observations they have seen in their clinic. For example, there is a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3901602\/\">published case report<\/a> of a 14-year old girl from Canada who was treated with cannabis extracts (also referred to as \u201chemp oil\u201d). But very little reliable information can be taken from a single patient treated with what\u2019s an unknown mix of cannabinoids outside of a controlled clinical setting.<\/p>\n<p>There are also many videos and anecdotes online claiming that people have been completely cured of cancer with cannabis, hemp\/cannabis oil or other cannabis derivatives.<\/p>\n<p>Despite what these sources may claim, it\u2019s impossible to tell whether these patients have been \u2018cured\u2019 by cannabis or not. There is usually no information about their medical diagnosis, stage of disease, what other cancer treatments they had, or the chemical make-up of their treatment. These sources also only publish the \u201csuccess stories\u201d, and don\u2019t share how many people who used cannabis or its derivatives had no benefit, or worse, were potentially harmed.<\/p>\n<p>Robust scientific studies describe the detail of experiments and share the results \u2013 positive or negative. This is vital for working out whether a potential cancer treatment is truly safe and effective, or not. And publishing this data allows doctors around the world to judge the information for themselves and use it for the benefit and safety of their patients.<\/p>\n<p>This is the standard to which all cancer treatments are held, and it\u2019s one that cannabinoids should be held to, too.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Wai Liu at St George\u2019s University is researching cannabis and cannabinoids for treating cancer to build up the evidence. He is happy to collect individual stories from UK patients and can be contacted <a href=\"http:\/\/w.liu@sgul.ac.uk\">by email<\/a>. In the US, the Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine gathers similar stories for their <a href=\"http:\/\/cam.cancer.gov\/new_bestcase_protocol.html\">Best Case Series<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cWhat\u2019s the harm? There\u2019s nothing to lose.\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>If someone chooses to reject conventional cancer treatment in favour of unproven alternatives, including cannabis, they may miss out on treatment that could save or significantly lengthen their life. They may also miss out on effective symptom relief to control pain or other problems.<\/p>\n<p>Many of these unproven therapies are also expensive, and aren\u2019t covered by the NHS or medical insurance. In the worst cases, an alternative therapy may even hasten death.<\/p>\n<p>Although centuries of human experimentation tell us that naturally-occurring cannabinoids are broadly safe, they are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15860846\">not without risks<\/a>. They can increase heart rate, which may cause problems for patients with pre-existing or undiagnosed heart conditions. They can also interact with other drugs in the body, including antidepressants and antihistamines. And they may also affect how the body processes certain chemotherapy drugs, which could cause serious side effects.<\/p>\n<p>Cannabis is an illegal (class B) drug in the UK and there are further risks associated with using black market or home-made preparations, particularly cannabis oil, such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cannabis-med.org\/data\/pdf\/en_2013_01_1.pdf\">toxic chemicals<\/a> left from the solvents used in the preparation process.<\/p>\n<p>There are also many <a href=\"http:\/\/ukcsc.co.uk\/cancer-scammers-the-great-criminal-oil-rush\/\">internet scams<\/a> by people offering to sell cannabis preparations. As well as the risk of getting something with completely unknown chemical or medicinal properties and unknown effectiveness, scammers are tricking cancer patients and their families into handing over money for \u201ccannabis oil\u201d which they then never receive.<\/p>\n<p>We understand the desire to try every possible avenue when conventional cancer treatment fails. But there is little chance that an unproven alternative treatment bought online will help, and it may well harm. We recommend that cancer patients talk to their doctor about <a href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/trials\/\">clinical trials<\/a> that they may be able to join, giving them access to new drugs in a safe and monitored environment.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cAre cancer charities hiding cannabis as a cure?\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>We\u2019ve <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2011\/07\/06\/there%E2%80%99s-no-conspiracy-sometimes-it-just-doesn%E2%80%99t-work\/\">blogged previously<\/a> about how unjust this is to the thousands of scientists, doctors and nurses working as hard as they can to beat cancer, and to the many thousands of people in the UK and beyond who give up their time and money to fund our work.<\/p>\n<p>History shows that the best way to beat cancer is through rigorous scientific research. This approach has helped to change the face of cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, leading to survival <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cancerresearchuk.org\/2012\/06\/03\/celebrating-60-years-of-progress\/\">doubling over the past 40 years<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As a research-based organisation, we want to see reliable scientific evidence to support claims made about any cancer treatment, be it conventional or alternative. This is vital because lives are at stake. Some people may think that a cancer patient has <a href=\"http:\/\/www.senseaboutscience.org\/pages\/ive-got-nothing-to-lose.html\">nothing to lose<\/a> by trying an alternative treatment, but there are big risks.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cBig Pharma can\u2019t patent it so they\u2019re not interested.\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>Some people argue that the potential of cannabinoids is being ignored by pharmaceutical companies, because they can\u2019t patent the chemicals naturally occurring in cannabis plants. But there are many ways that these compounds can be patented \u2013 for example, by developing more effective lab-made versions or better ways to deliver them.<\/p>\n<p>Other people argue that patients should be treated with \u2018street\u2019 or homegrown cannabis preparations, and that the research being done by companies is solely to make money and prevent patients accessing \u201cthe cure\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>But the best chance of ensuring that the potential benefits of cannabinoids \u2013 whether natural or man-made \u2013 can be brought to patients is through research using quality-controlled, safe, legal, pharmaceutical grade preparations containing known amounts of the drugs.<\/p>\n<p>This requires time, effort and money, which may come from companies or independent organisations such as charities or governments. And, ultimately, this investment needs to be paid back by sales of a safe, effective new drug.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s true that there are issues around drug pricing and availability and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-us\/we-develop-policy\/our-policy-on-access-to-cancer-treatments\/our-policy-on-cancer-drugs\">we\u2019re pushing<\/a> for companies to make new treatments available at a fair price. We would hope that if cannabinoids were to be shown to be safe and effective enough to make it to the clinic, they would be made available at a fair price for all patients who might benefit from them.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cWhy don\u2019t you campaign for cannabis to be legalised?\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>Cannabis is <a title=\"Wikipedia - Cannabis classification in the UK\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">classified as a class B drug in the UK<\/a>, meaning that it is illegal to possess or supply it.<\/p>\n<p>Cancer Research UK does not have an organisational policy on the legal status of cannabis, its use or abuse as a recreational drug, or its medical use in any other diseases. But we are supportive of properly conducted scientific research into cannabis and its derivatives that could benefit cancer patients and we will continue to monitor developments in the fields and evidence as it emerges.<\/p>\n<h2>In summary<\/h2>\n<p>Right now, there simply isn\u2019t enough evidence to prove that cannabinoids \u2013 whether natural or synthetic \u2013 can effectively treat cancer in patients, although research is ongoing. And there\u2019s certainly no evidence that \u2018street\u2019 cannabis can treat cancer.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re supportive of properly conducted scientific research into cannabis and its derivatives that could benefit cancer patients. Many researchers are actively exploring this approach, and Cancer Research UK is supporting, and will continue to support, scientifically robust research into cannabis and cannabinoids that reaches the high-quality standards set by our funding committees.<\/p>\n<p><em>Kat<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Public comments are closed on this post. If you have a comment you would like us to publish on this post you can contact the news team at <a href=\"mailto:digitalnews@cancer.org.uk\">digitalnews<\/a><a href=\"mailto:digitalnews@cancer.org.uk\">@cancer.org.uk<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>References and further reading:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CancerHelp UK \u2013 <a title=\"CancerHelp UK - does smoking cannabis cause cancer?\" href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/cancer-questions\/does-smoking-cannabis-cause-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Does smoking cannabis cause cancer?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>CancerHelp UK \u2013 <a title=\"CancerHelp UK - Is cannabis a treatment for brain tumours\" href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/cancer-questions\/is-cannabis-treatment-brain-tumours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Is cannabis a treatment for brain tumours?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>CancerHelp UK \u2013 <a title=\"CancerHelp UK - sativex trial 1\" href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/trials\/a-trial-sativex-for-cancer-related-pain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Two<\/a> <a title=\"CancerHelp UK - Sativex trial 2\" href=\"http:\/\/cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org\/trials\/a-trial-sativex-for-cancer-related-pain-gwca0962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trials<\/a> of Sativex for cancer-related pain<\/li>\n<li>National Cancer Institute (US) \u2013 <a title=\"NCI - Cannabis information for patients\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/cam\/cannabis\/patient\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Information about cannabis and cannabinoids for cancer patients<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Cancer Institute (US) \u2013 <a title=\"NCI - Cannabis information for health professionals\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/cam\/cannabis\/healthprofessional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Information about cannabis and cannabinoids for health professionals<\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrc3247&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+the+use+of+cannabinoids+as+antitumour+agents&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Cancer&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fdoifinder%2F10.1038%2Fnrc3247&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.issn=1474-175X&amp;rft.spage=444&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fscienceseeker.org&amp;rft.au=Velasco+Guillermo&amp;rft.aulast=Velasco&amp;rft.aufirst=Guillermo&amp;rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez+Cristina&amp;rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&amp;rft.aufirst=Cristina&amp;rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n+Manuel&amp;rft.aulast=Guzm%C3%A1n&amp;rft.aufirst=Manuel&amp;rfs_dat=ss.included=1&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1\">Velasco, G., S\u00e1nchez, C. &amp; Guzm\u00e1n, M. (2012). Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents, <span>Nature Reviews Cancer, 12<\/span> (6) 444. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrc3247\" rev=\"review\">10.1038\/nrc3247<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-07-2785&amp;rft.atitle=Cannabinoids+for+Cancer+Treatment%3A+Progress+and+Promise&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fcancerres.aacrjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-07-2785&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.issn=0008-5472&amp;rft.spage=342&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fscienceseeker.org&amp;rft.au=Sarfaraz+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Sarfaraz&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Adhami+V.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Adhami&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+M.&amp;rft.au=Syed+D.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Syed&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+N.&amp;rft.au=Afaq+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Afaq&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Mukhtar+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Mukhtar&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfs_dat=ss.included=1&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1\">Sarfaraz, S. et al (2008). Cannabinoids for Cancer Treatment: Progress and Promise, <span>Cancer Research, 68<\/span> (2) 342. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-07-2785\" rev=\"review\">10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2785<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01327.x&amp;rft.atitle=The+endocannabinoid+system+and+cancer%3A+therapeutic+implication&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fbph.2011.163.issue-7&amp;rft.volume=163&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.issn=00071188&amp;rft.spage=1463&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fscienceseeker.org&amp;rft.au=Guindon+Jos%C3%A9e&amp;rft.aulast=Guindon&amp;rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9e&amp;rft.au=Hohmann+Andrea+G&amp;rft.aulast=Hohmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrea+G&amp;rfs_dat=ss.included=1&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1\">Guindon, J. &amp; Hohmann, A.G. (2011). The endocannabinoid system and cancer: therapeutic implication, <span>British Journal of Pharmacology, 163<\/span> (7) 1463. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01327.x\" rev=\"review\">10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01327.x<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2007.09.010&amp;rft.atitle=Medicinal+cannabis+in+oncology&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cancer&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959804907007368&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.issn=09598049&amp;rft.spage=2644&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fscienceseeker.org&amp;rft.au=Engels+Frederike+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Engels&amp;rft.aufirst=Frederike+K.&amp;rft.au=de+Jong+Floris+A.&amp;rft.aulast=de+Jong&amp;rft.aufirst=Floris+A.&amp;rft.au=Mathijssen+Ron+H.J.&amp;rft.aulast=Mathijssen&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron+H.J.&amp;rft.au=Erkens+Jo%C3%ABlle+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Erkens&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABlle+A.&amp;rft.au=Herings+Ron+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Herings&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron+M.&amp;rft.au=Verweij+Jaap&amp;rft.aulast=Verweij&amp;rft.aufirst=Jaap&amp;rfs_dat=ss.included=1&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1\">Engels, F.K. et al (2007). Medicinal cannabis in oncology, <span>European Journal of Cancer, 43<\/span> (18) 2644. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2007.09.010\" rev=\"review\">10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.09.010<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Twelves, C., Sabel, M., Checketts, D. et al (2021)<em>.<\/em> A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. <em>British Journal of Cancer 124<\/em><strong>,<\/strong> 1379\u20131387. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01259-3\">10.1038\/s41416-021-01259-3<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cannabinoids in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting \u2013 <a title=\"Todaro 2012\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22491047\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Todaro (2012) Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network<\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2011.09.008&amp;rft.atitle=The+intersection+between+cannabis+and+cancer+in+the+United+States&amp;rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oncology%2FHematology&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1040842811002319&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.issn=10408428&amp;rft.spage=10&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fscienceseeker.org&amp;rft.au=Bowles+Daniel+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Bowles&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&amp;rft.au=O%E2%80%99Bryant+Cindy+L.&amp;rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Bryant&amp;rft.aufirst=Cindy+L.&amp;rft.au=Camidge+D.+Ross&amp;rft.aulast=Camidge&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+Ross&amp;rft.au=Jimeno+Antonio&amp;rft.aulast=Jimeno&amp;rft.aufirst=Antonio&amp;rfs_dat=ss.included=1&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1\">Bowles, D.W. et al (2012). The intersection between cannabis and cancer in the United States, <span>Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology, 83<\/span> (1) 10. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2011.09.008\" rev=\"review\">10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2011.09.008<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2804%2901711-5&amp;rft.atitle=Cannabinoids+and+cancer%3A+causation%2C+remediation%2C+and+palliation&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Oncology&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1470204504017115&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.issn=14702045&amp;rft.spage=42&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fscienceseeker.org&amp;rft.au=Hall+Wayne&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.aufirst=Wayne&amp;rft.au=Christie+MacDonald&amp;rft.aulast=Christie&amp;rft.aufirst=MacDonald&amp;rft.au=Currow+David&amp;rft.aulast=Currow&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfs_dat=ss.included=1&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1\">Hall, W., Christie, M. &amp; Currow, D. (2005). Cannabinoids and cancer: causation, remediation, and palliation, <span>The Lancet Oncology, 6<\/span> (1) 42. DOI: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2804%2901711-5\" rev=\"review\">10.1016\/S1470-2045(04)01711-5<\/a><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-anti-cancer-properties-in-cannabis-must-be-investigated-42653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Why anti-cancer properties in cannabis must be investigated<\/a>, Wai Liu, The Conversation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><h3 class=\"panel-title\">More on this topic<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"http:\/\/feedproxy.google.com\/~r\/cancerresearchuk\/SHhE\/~3\/LM9w0PGeDX4\/\">Source<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We review and update this article as new research emerges. The last update was September 2021, when we updated the section on clinical trials to reflect new and upcoming studies. Few cancer topics spark as much online debate as cannabis. The bottom line is that right now there isn\u2019t enough reliable evidence to prove that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5137],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-world-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27416"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43642,"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27416\/revisions\/43642"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ogkologos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}